Some chemists refer to ethers as “dead molecules” because of their low reactivity.Īnd now for some crazy functional groups….ĭr. ![]() They reactivity depends on the type of alkyl halide (F, Cl, I, Br), its substitution (primary, secondary, tertiary) and the desired reaction (SN1, SN2, E1, E2).Īlcohols, Amines, and Thiols: these are generally very good nucleophiles, as the heteroatoms have lone pairs which will attack an electrophile.Įthers: do not undergo many organic reactions themselves, but sometimes can be the product of a reaction. ![]() These can participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions. Generally speaking, if there is an electron withdrawing group attached to the carbonyl carbon, that carbonyl will be more electrophilic and more reactive.Īlkyl Halides: alkanes which are connected to a halogen atom (F, Cl, I, and Br) are good electrophiles. The important point here is to know which types of carbonyls are more electrophilic and which ones are less. While there are different variations which can make the carbonyl more or less reactive, the basic functional group is still the same. It is one of the more important electrophiles you will see in this course. ![]() Carbonyls: a “carbon double bond oxygen” is a carbonyl.
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